Patricia Bath, American Doctor and Inventor

Patricia Bath (born November 4, 1942) is an American doctor and inventor. Born in New York City, she was living in Los Angeles when she received her first patent, becoming the first African-American female doctor to patent a medical invention. Baths patent was for a method for removing cataract lenses using laser devices to make the procedure more accurate. Fast Facts: Patricia Bath Known For: Bath is a pioneering ophthalmologist and the first African-American woman doctor to patent a medical invention.Born: November 4, 1942 in Harlem, New YorkParents: Rupert and Gladys BathEducation: Hunter College, Howard UniversityAwards and Honors: New York Academy of Medicine  John Stearns Medal for Distinguished Contributions in Clinical Practice, American Medical Women’s Association Hall of Fame, Hunter College Hall of Fame, Association of Black Women Physicians Lifetime Achievement AwardNotable Quote: My love of humanity and passion for helping others inspired me to become a physician. Early Life Bath was born in Harlem, New York, on November 4, 1942. Her father Rupert was a newspaper columnist and trader, and her mother Gladys was a housekeeper. Bath and her brother attended Charles Evans Hughes High School in the Chelsea neighborhood of New York City. Bath was deeply interested in science and, while she was still a teenager, won a scholarship from the National Science Foundation; her research at the Harlem Hospital Center resulted in a published paper. Career Bath went on to study chemistry at Hunter College, graduating in 1964. She then moved to Washington, D.C., to complete her medical training at the Howard University College of Medicine. Bath graduated with honors in 1968 and returned to New York to complete specialty training in ophthalmology and cornea  transplant at both New York University and Columbia University. According to an interview she later completed for the U.S. National Library of Medicine, Bath faced many challenges in this early part of her career: Sexism, racism, and relative poverty were the obstacles which I faced as a young girl growing up in Harlem. There were no women physicians I knew of and surgery was a male-dominated profession; no high schools existed in Harlem, a predominantly black community; additionally, blacks were excluded from numerous medical schools and medical societies; and, my family did not possess the funds to send me to medical school. At the Harlem Hospital Center, Bath focused on finding treatments for blindness and visual impairment. In 1969, she and several other doctors performed the hospitals first eye surgery. Bath used her personal experience as a medical professional to publish a paper demonstrating higher rates of blindness among African Americans. Her observations led her to develop a new field of study known as community ophthalmology; it was based on her recognition that blindness was more common among under-served populations both in the United States and around the world. Bath has supported community health initiatives aimed at reducing blindness within these communities through preventative care and other measures. Bath served on the faculty of UCLA for many years before retiring in 1993. She has lectured at many medical institutions, including the Howard University School of Medicine, and published numerous papers about her research and inventions. Cataract Laserphaco Probe Baths dedication to the treatment and prevention of blindness led her to develop the Cataract Laserphaco Probe. Patented in 1988, the probe was designed to use the power of a laser to quickly and painlessly vaporize cataracts from patients eyes, replacing the more common method of using a grinding, drill-like device to remove the afflictions. Baths device is now used around the world to treat patients with blindness. In 1977, Bath founded the American Institute for the Prevention of Blindness (AIPB). The organization supports the training of medical professionals and the treatment of individuals with eye problems around the world. As a representative of the AIPB, Bath has participated in humanitarian missions to developing countries, where she has provided treatment to numerous individuals. One of her favorite experiences in this capacity, she says, was traveling to North Africa and treating a woman who had been blind for 30 years. The AIPB also supports preventative care, including supplying children around the world with protective eye drops, vitamin A supplements, and vaccinations for diseases that can cause blindness. Patents To date, Bath has received five separate patents for her inventions. The first two—both awarded in 1988—relate to her revolutionary cataract probe. Others include: Laser apparatus for surgery of cataractous lenses (1999): Another laser apparatus, this invention provided a way to remove cataracts by making a micro-incision and applying radiation.Pulsed ultrasound method for fragmenting/emulsifying and removing cataractous lenses (2000): This invention uses ultrasonic energy to remove cataracts.Combination ultrasound and laser method and apparatus for removing cataract lenses (2003): A synthesis of Baths two previous inventions, this one uses both ultrasonic energy and laser radiation for even more precise removal of cataracts. The invention also includes a unique optical fiber delivery system for the transmission of the ultrasonic vibrations and radiation. With these inventions, Bath was able to restore sight to people who had been blind for over 30 years. Bath also holds patents for her inventions in Japan, Canada, and Europe. Achievements and Honors In 1975, Bath became the first African-American woman surgeon at the UCLA Medical Center and the first woman to be on the faculty of the UCLA Jules Stein Eye Institute. She is the founder and first president of the American Institute for the Prevention of Blindness. Bath was elected to the Hunter College Hall of Fame in 1988 and was named a Howard University Pioneer in Academic Medicine in 1993. In 2018, she was awarded the New York Academy of Medicine John Stearns Medal for Distinguished Contributions in Clinical Practice. Sources Montague, Charlotte.  Women of Invention: Life-Changing Ideas by Remarkable Women. Chartwell Books, 2018.Wilson, Donald, and Jane Wilson.  The Pride of African American History: Inventors, Scientists, Physicians, Engineers: Featuring Many Outstanding African Americans and More than 1,000 African American Inventions Verified by U.S. Patent Numbers. DCW Pub. Co., 2003.

Immigration into the US Essay example - 959 Words

nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Between the late 1870’s and the outbreak of World War I in 1914, American’s Industrial Revolution fueled the most rigorous period of immigration in American history. Many millions of people, mostly from Southern and Eastern Europe came to America. Most were poor, didn’t speak English and almost all were strangers to America to society and culture. These were the â€Å"New Immigrants†, and they swelled to existing American cities, while also forming new cities in the process. The forces of immigration and urbanization would combine with industrialization to transform a once rural and agrarian nation into its modern form. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Before the time of industrialization, what is now called the†¦show more content†¦Although they were unskilled, I type of jobs they would have them do were once that didn’t require little to no knowledge. Because these families were so poor, everyone had to work. Since there were no child labor laws, children were sent to work in coal mines, and silk mills. Women also had to work- mostly in textiles factories or as seamstresses ( â€Å"Becoming American: An Ethnic History†). nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;This was one of the reasons why the â€Å"old immigrants† disliked the â€Å"new immigrant†. These self proclaimed â€Å"Americans† resented the â€Å"newcomers† mostly because they were different from them and it threatened their idealist, perfect society. These new people dressed differently, ate different foods, had different religious beliefs, spoke different languages, and just plain looked different. Just as with the Native Americans, they wanted to change anything that wasn’t â€Å"American†. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Many â€Å"new immigrants† lived in tenements when they first came here. Tenements were five to six story buildings with twenty or more families. Between the years of the 1840’s the population of New York increased 60 percent ( â€Å"The Tenements as History and Housing†), so this type of housing was essential in to the lives of these immigrants. This type of housing was very unhealthy to live in however. The Council of Hygiene and Public Health reported, â€Å"It’s onlyShow MoreRelatedImmigration to the US1148 Words   |  5 Pagesdream of becoming United States citizens. My parents came here exactly for that same reason, so they can give my sisters and I the opportunity to live a better life. We were fortunate enough to have our relatives help us get here, making it a little less difficult for us compared to other families that took a different path to becoming citizens. However, it was not always this easy for an Asian immigrant family like ours to become naturalized citizens. It used to be near impossible for immigrantsRead More Immigration into the US Essay977 Words   |  4 Pagesconcerns with immigrants and immigration policies have confronted the nation throughout history. This is due mostly because the nation promotes freedom and democracy. There are also unlimited economic opportunities to improve the material circumstances of peoples’ lives. While foreigners are coming into this country, the political view and public surroundings are changing drastically looking harmful for American culture and society. David Cole a law professor views immigration as a positive affect onRead MoreImmigration Perpectives in US1473 Words   |  6 Pagesopportunity to make more money. The United States is a country that was founded by and has grown exponentially as a direct result of immigration. A survey from the United States Census Bureau in 2009 showed the current number of immigrants living i n America was 38,517,234. (http://www.migrationpolicy.org/article/frequently-requested-statistics-immigrants-and-immigration-united-states-1) Each immigrant from around the world brings with them culture, lifestyle and religious differences that may seemRead MoreUs Immigration Policy3707 Words   |  15 PagesStates Immigration Policy Our economic times, international relations, and terrorism have shaped our countries immigration policy. These issues have driven us to pass legislation opening and closing our borders in response to current events. Though not always at the forefront of concern, it has been a constant struggle that has affected the dynamics of our country. Arizona’s recent passing of tough immigration laws aimed at identifying and deporting illegal immigrants has again put immigration atRead MoreThe Impact Of Immigration On The Us Economy929 Words   |  4 Pagesis greater today than it was at the turn of the century, so as the US economy. US economy has proved to be raised dramatically in the past few years. This made me think about Immigration and the US economy on a same page in my mind. Many questions started populating in my head such as Does immigration in some way affect the US economy? If yes, how? After doing some research, I found that Immigration plays an important role in the US economy. I’ll start with my own background, how this question is connectedRead MoreThe Issue of Illegal Immigration in the US1087 Words   |  5 Pages Americans today, know that there is a problem with illegal immigration. Everyday many illegal immigrants cross the borders. There are between twelve and twenty million illegal immigrants in America. (â€Å"Scary Immigration Statistics† 1) The U.S. should make all illegal immigrants register or deport them to their original countries. The U.S. should also make a program so that the immigrants can get a license for legality. If the immigrants do not want to cooperate, then they cannot be in America. TheRead MoreEssay about Immigration in the US1493 Words   |  6 PagesMail order brides should be banned in the United States in order to reduce the increase of domestic violence amongst women (Chittenden 5), the testing of a bride’s selflessness (Bell 1), and internet scams (Internet Relationships 1). Immigration in the United States has increased over the years. Nevertheless, the process may take weeks, even months at a time. Mail order brides are no exception either. They undergo a similar process in order to immigrate as well. Being a vulnerableRead MorePolitical Dimensions Of Us Immigration Policies1207 Words   |  5 PagesPolitical Dimensions of US Immigration Policies Japanese and Chinese Immigration and Exclusionary Immigration Policies Anti-immigrant driven exclusive immigration policies barred Japanese and Chinese immigrants from immigrating to the United States and accessing the privileges of citizenship. Through the Immigration Acts of 1917, 1921, and 1924, the US government insured that Japanese and Chinese immigrants could not immigrate to the United States by creating an artificial geographic area or â€Å"AsiaticRead MoreThe Immigration Act Is A Defining Moment That Changed Us Immigration Policy877 Words   |  4 PagesThe 1965 Amendment to the Immigration Act was a defining moment that radically changed US immigration policy and provided the basis for all that we have witnessed today with its far reaching consequences. Before 1965, the national origins quotas, which heavily favored British, German, and Irish immigrants, was replaced with a less discriminatory system (Hatton, 2015). Many decades following the enactment of this law saw a dramatic rise in the total number of immigrants, and an equally drama tic switchRead MoreThe Effect of Illegal Immigration on the US Economy Essay895 Words   |  4 Pagesacross the globe, taking a chance to find a better life for them and their family. Over the years, the population of immigrants has grown immensely, resulting in the currently controversial issue of illegal immigration. Illegal immigrants are the people who have overstayed the time granted on their US, visa or those who have broken the federal law by crossing the border illegally. Matt O’Brien stated in his article â€Å"The government thinks that 10.8 million illegal immigrants lived in the country in January

Dance and Genuinely Great Ambition free essay sample

Hello, I’m your one and only,____________ I’m running for this year’s NJHS president. Like all of us, I wouldn’t be here if it weren’t for hard work, good grades, and good citizenship. I think I fit the roles of an NJHS president because I have experience in leadership, dedication, and determination. A true leader seeks effective activity, inspires others to follow in their footsteps, and leads the way for society to realize its genuinely great ambition. I fit the roles of a true leader because I have had experience. I am very closely associated with a dance school that I help out with, as a student and as responsible right hand for the teacher. Every year at recital time I always volunteer to help and the teacher always knows to choose me because I will get the job done right and on time. She knows that I am responsible, self-motivated, and trustworthy. We will write a custom essay sample on Dance and Genuinely Great Ambition or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Every once in a while something goes wrong and it gets hard, that’s when it comes down to me to make things right and use extra time out of my day to fix everything. Being a leader, I pushed through all the work and sacrificed my time to my teacher and my fellow dance students.. When I start something, I follow it through to the end. However long it takes, my dedication will always remain the same. I will always be available for meetings every time there is one. Not just for meetings but for anything the NJHS needs, and I will always be willing to put in extra time. With my dedication, I can assure you that we will not leave a project unfinished. With determination comes strong will, optimism, and a good set of priorities. When you are determined, you have the motivation to work through difficult times. As a dancer in a technical sport, we have our good and bad days. I’ve learned to always keep your head up high no matter what the situation is and to always give it 100%. With that being said, I have what it takes to take this year’s NJHS team to give its best performance for our school and our community. Just know that I will always be there for NJHS no matter how busy my schedule. With everything I have to put forth to Jackson’s National Junior Honor Society, I hope you really think about the leadership, dedication, and determination I have to offer. Thank-you.

TyDaesha Fezzia Essays (1422 words) - , Term Papers

TyDaesha Fezzia Angela Jacobs English 1101 9/9/17 State champion With precarious knees, I reluctantly advanced up the huge white strides. With the back of my hand, I brushed away a couple of salty tears of alleviation. As I remained at the highest point of the platform and turned upward into the stuffed stadium, my brain floated back to all that I had experienced to accomplish this minute, the day I turned into a state champion. The begin of the 2015 track season discovered me worried about how I would perform. After an unfortunate session with mononucleosis finished my first year recruits track season, the dread of disappointment weighed vigorously at the forefront of my thoughts. I set an objective for myself so as to keep up center and to propel myself like nothing else would. My objective for my sophomore track season was to end up noticeably a state champion in the 100 meter . I buckled down ordinary at training and went the additional mile, such as running each Sunday, to be quite recently that considerably nearer to achieving my objective. The possibility of standing most noteworthy on the platform in the focal point of the field, encompassed by several onlookers, conquered my considerations of whining each time we had a hard exercise. When I shut my eyes, I envisioned myself holding up in foresight as different contenders names were gotten out, one by one, until at long last, the blast ing voice declared over the amplifier, "...and in the lead position, your 2015 100 meter champion, from Georgia, TyDaesha Fezzia ." It was dreams like these that drove me to work harder regular. As the season advanced, rivalry began getting fiercer. I was up against young ladies running at a 5A level, yet, I could stand my ground. At last, there came a modest promising finish to the present course of action; it appeared just as I was getting closer and nearer to fulfilling my objective. Alongside my undefeated title came a gigantic target painted on my back. I religiously checked "Max Preps" consistently to check whether the opposition was picking up on me. It appeared that each time I had enhanced, there was somebody directly behind me, running their own best as well. I prepared amid the prior weeks regionals like I had never prepared. Every day my stomach turned out to be more contorted with ties that circled around all aspects of my stomach. I don't think I had ever been that apprehensive in my entire life. At last, regionals hit and the weight was on. I strolled into regionals knowing the absence of rivalry I would confront. Regularly this would influence me to overcome with delight, just this time, I knew it recently implied that I would need to work twice as hard. The main time there to beat that day was mine. I needed to drive myself to get a period that was sufficient to situate me in one of the best three spots at state. Thusly I would be set in a decent warmth in the prelims at state. As I got into the pieces, I instructed myself to regard this race as though it were the last race at state and everything was hanging in the balance. The weapon went off and I sprang from the squares. The entire route through the race I concentrated on my frame. "Snap your trail leg and don't swing your arms," continued going through my head. I completed first with a period that place me in my most loved path four at state. Presently, just a single week left until day of atonement. As the days developed closer, the butterflies in my stomach increased. I understood that never again was I the big enchilada. Abruptly I was only a little fish in a major lake. In the coming days I imagined what state would resemble. I would lie alert around evening time contemplating what could possibly turn out badly. Possibly I wouldn't have the capacity to deal with the weight and false begin or much more terrible, perhaps I would fall. I attempted to shut out these taboo musings and supplanted them with dreams of progress. I would consider how great it

What Is a Good Doctor free essay sample

What is a good doctor? What makes a good doctor perfect? In the articles Phlebitis by Lair Eigther,The Doctors as Stranger by David Rothman, and the book The Spirit Catches You and You Fall Down by Anne Fadiman these authors state different situations and outlooks the patients were in. For instance the writers explored whether the patients had good medical treatment. Furthermore the authors view the disconnection between the doctors and the patients on how physicians should be able to train differently so we can enrich the relationship between the doctor and patient. Patients believe a good doctor is a doctor that is compassionate. A good doctor is a doctor who communicates with their patient, gives medical information and understands the culture, beliefs and the situation of the patient. For example my niece Gabriela De La Rosa was born without an ear, so her doctor was going to construct her left ear. We will write a custom essay sample on What Is a Good Doctor or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page My aunt doesn’t speak English just Spanish, my aunt had a hard time communicating with the physician. She came to my house a day before the surgery to ask me if I could help her translate, I gladly said yes. In Loma Linda Hospital her surgery was taken at eleven in the morning her doctor and nurses were ready for the surgery. Her doctor kept in touch with me every thirty minutes. The doctor gave us information about any complication, on every step they were doing. He kept in contact for the six hours my niece was in surgery. My niece’s doctor understood our culture because he was also Hispanic he knew that my aunt was passing thru a difficult time and understood her. After the surgery the doctor was checking on my niece at least 3 times a day. He was communicating with us and telling us how fast she was progressing and how she can go home tomorrow in the afternoon and she kept up the good work. This is a good doctor. A doctor that is doing his job on helping his patients in need. Additionally in the book The Spirit Catches You and You Fall Down Anne Fadiman writes about Lia who had good doctors and she was still suffering with her health. Fadiman forces us to question what makes a â€Å"perfect† doctor. A good physician is not a perfect one for example in the book The Spirit Catches You and You Fall Down Dr. Bill explain that the Dr. Neil is not a perfect physician â€Å"If Neil made a mistake, it’s because every physician makes mistakes. If it had been a brand new kid walking off the  street, I guarantee you Neil would have done a septic work up and he would have caught it. But this was Lia . No one at Merced Community Medical Center would have notice anything but her seizures. Lia was her seizures(Fadiman 256). The quote explains that if Dr. Neil was dealing with any other child off the street he would have done an extraordinary job and wouldnt have a difficult time with the pa tient is health, and understanding the culture and language. What is a bad physician? A bad doctor is one who views the patient as a profit but not a human. Therefore author Rothman states on his article that many doctors view the patients as profit not human beings that need medical help. For example â€Å"The Doctor Business , tell about an accident in which a young boy fell into a well ; after volunteers worked unstintingly for twenty four hours to dig him out, his parents took him to a local doctor, who proceeded to bill $1500 for his services† (Rothman 141). What Rothman explains that No physician has the right to refuse health care to anybody if they are not stable financially. Every patient has the right to have health care in any clinic, hospital, and emergency room. Another way of proving that a doctor is a bad doctor is by giving his patient the medication he believes it’s better for the patient. A doctor that believes on giving him the medication he believes is better for its patient. When the patient knows that the medication that was given to him was not helping his pain. For example referring back to Eightner article he states this â€Å"I asked that the Vicodin be changed to Naprosyn another nonsteroid pain reliever and anti-inflammatory drug comparable in effect to Ibuprofen. Eventually a nurse brought me some Ibuprofen. Perhaps if I had asked for ibuprofen I would have got Naprosyn† (Eighner 151). Eighner asked for certain medication to help him out on his pain but the faculty believes on giving him the medication they consider is better for his medical help he states if he would of asked for another medication he would of got the m edication he need . What is the patient’s bill of rights? Many Patients dont know what their rights are. Everyone has the right to health care in any clinic, hospital and emergency room the bill of rights form should be given to the patients so they could know and understand what their rights are. Eighner was one of the few patients that knew what his bills of rights were, but also had some knowledge of medication. Eighner was a patient that only had a watery swelling ankle that needed medical attention. Eightner’s rights were  violated by the faculty and doctors. Eighner was not allowed to view his medical chart, and he was given different medication. Doctors had lied to him about his medical condition. They also stated that if he left the hospital he was not going to survive because he had a deadly medical condition. Eigther realize the doctors were lying to him because the physician didn’t allow him to view his medical chart. For example Eighther remembered pointing out to Dr. Stalin when Dr. Velasquez said he could view his chart whenever he wanted. â€Å"I pointed out that he had been in the room when Dr. Stalin had said I could look at the chart whenever I wanted. He claims he had been called out of the room and had not heard her say that. Of course he had not been called out of the room. I knew for a fact he was there† (Eightner 153). Eightner rights were violated and his doctors were bad doctors because they lied about his medical condition. He was one of a kind patient that knew his bill of rights and notice on time that the doctors were lying to him . How can we change doctors training system? Society believes that doctors training system need to change because of the miscommunication with the patients and their culture. Fadiman doctors have misunderstanding of the Hmong culture. The book The Spirit Catches You and You Fall Down has several conflicts doctors vs. parents, parent vs. doctors, doctors vs. Doctors, miscommunication with each other. Physician had conflicts with Lia’s parents because of their culture, language and belief’s. â€Å"Merced Community Medical Hospital had not yet hired any interpreters, de jure or de facto, for any shift. At that time the only employee who sometimes translated for the Hmong patients was a janitor, a Laotian immigrant fluent in his own language, Laos which few Hmong understand; halting in Hmong; and even more halting in English. (Fadiman 25-26). This quote means that Merced Community Medical Hospital had not hired an interpreter to help doctors communicate with Lia’s Parent and the only person that would help them communicate would be there janitor. Additionally Fadiman had seen the conflict between doctors vs. parents, when Lia’s do ctor tried to apply a medication to her but her parents refused. The doctors called child services because they believed that Lia was safer in a foster home because they need to give her the right amount of medication, her patents were giving her too much or too little of it; it was never the right amount because of the misunderstanding of the language. For example  Ã¢â‚¬Å"Lia’s prescriptions had been changed so often, her parents might been more likely to give her, her medication since they would have been less confused and more confident that the doctors knew what they were doing (Fadiman 78).Lia’s parents had a difficult time giving her the medication because and Lias prescription was changed of often, he parents were most likely given her to much or too little of it. Parents vs. Doctors were having a difficult time because the parent thought the doctors were harmful. The Hmong’s fear doctors because they believe American Doctors would eat them after their dead. â€Å"When Hmong people die in the United States, is it tru e that they cut into pieces and put it in tin cans and sold as food† (Fadiman 32). The Hmong culture believed that American doctors cut them and sold their bodies in food cans after they were dead. The doctors vs. doctors were arguing that one was better than the other. â€Å"Later on when I figured out what had happen, or not happened on the earlier visits to the ER, I felt good. It’s kind of a thrill to find something someone else missed, especially when you a resident and you are looking for excuse to make yourself feel smarter than the other physicians†(Fadiman 27,28). Meaning one of the doctors that helped Lia before in the ER didn’t pay attention to Lia’s symptoms and bragging that you’re a great doctor in MCMC but Dr.Murphy diagnose her with epilepsy.Dr. Dan Murphy diagnose Lias seizures. Lia parents already know how to diagnose their daughter problem. They believe it was her spirit catches you and you fall down. Lias parents never knew that Dr. Dan had diagnosed Lia with epilepsy. Dr. Dan would have been surprised to hear they were caused by soul loss. What makes a good doctor good? One can conclude that even a good doctor can make mistakes and there is no perfect doctor even if it’s good or bad. All doctors have different way of doing their medical job. Every patient needs to know their rights so Doctors wont violate their right just like Eighner. Eighner is one of the few patients that knew his bill of right. How society wants to change the doctors training system so they could understand other cultures and be connected with its patients.

Essay on Diagnosing Organizations

Essay on Diagnosing Organizations Essay on Diagnosing Organizations Essay on Diagnosing OrganizationsThe process of strategic decision-making involves several important steps one of which is the analysis of the situation and current issues along with the diagnostic of the issue in the organizational context. Such diagnosis is necessary for developing a strategy for achieving key organizational goals and eliminating the gaps between existing organizational state and the desired state. In general, the process of organizational diagnostic involves four key steps: the entry phase, the phase of diagnosis, intervention and evaluation phase (Burton, 2004). The purpose of this paper is to provide an overview of existing organizational diagnostic models for the diagnosis stage, to consider the strengths and weaknesses of the models, to discuss several issues which Whole Foods Market is currently facing and to determine the best organizational diagnostic model for Whole Foods Market.Organizational diagnosis modelsThere exist different models of organizational diagnosis. Each of these models has its own strengths and weaknesses, and can therefore be applied in specific setting. It is not possible to rely one particular organizational diagnostic model because strategic analysis involves a variety of factors and the assumptions of one model might not be appropriate for the considered situation. Therefore, for an efficient organizational diagnosis it is essential to consider different models and to choose the one which is optimal for the particular organization and for the particular situation. In this paper, seven organizational diagnosis models will be considered:1.1. Force field modelForce field model was developed by Kurt Lewin (Cummings Worley, 2009). This model describes organizational change as the result of the impact of driving and restraining forces. The driving forces enhance the change and push the organization towards the change, while the restraining forces hinder change and create barriers for change (Cummings Worley, 2009). Lewin further offers a strategy for organizational change: identifying both types of forces, weakening the restraining forces, strengthening the driving forces (refreezing the organization), implementing the change and then enhancing the stabilizing influences (freezing the organization in the desired state) (Cummings Worley, 2009).The major strength of this model is its focus on action and change. However, the weakness of the model is its generic nature: the forces in the model are defined quite broadly and it is easy to miss important forces while analyzing an organization.1.2. 7S modelOne of widely used frameworks is McKinseys 7S model. It encompasses seven key organizational variables: shared values, skills, structure, style, staff, systems and strategy (Harrison, 2005). Shared values are viewed as a central component of the model, and the remaining factors are interrelated in a specific way. 7S model is shown on Fig. 1.A valuable finding in this model is the division of organ izational factors into hard structure, systems and strategy, and soft staff, skills, style and shared values (Harrison, 2005). However, the model does not account for external variables and factors, and therefore its use is limited.1.3. Likert modelLikert model also considers seven key organizational variables: motivation, interaction, communication, decision-making, goal-setting, performance and control (Alderfer, 2010). Furthermore, according to Likert model, there are four types of management systems which have different characteristics in the context of seven organizational variables. These four types include exploitative-authoritative, benevolent-authoritative, consultative and participative group management systems (Alderfer, 2010). Furthermore, Likert developed a survey for assessing the type of the management system based on 43 questions (Alderfer, 2010).This model is useful when it is necessary to assess the managerial aspects of organizational functioning, organizational culture, etc. The model also provides instruments for more precise identification of management system. However, this model does not address external factors, individual factors, etc., and can therefore be applied only for a limited range of situations.1.4. Burke-Litwin modelThe Burke-Litwin model encompasses the internal and external factors and the relationships between them in a systemic way. Internal factors included in this model can be divided into three layers. Layer 1 includes leadership, culture, mission and strategy; Layer 2 consists of such variables as structure, management practices, systems and work climate, and Layer 3 includes the match between skills and job, motivation, individual values and needs and performance (Burke, Lake Paine, 2008).The model illustrates how organizational outputs interact with the environment and eventually affect system inputs in the next feedback loop. Furthermore, the model shows the directions of relationships between factors. This mod el is very efficient for describing the dynamics of organizational functioning and can be used to assess complex cases of organizational diagnosis. Its possible disadvantage is the large volume of information required for organizational diagnosis.1.5. Leavitts modelThe model offered by Leavitt focuses on the structural elements of an organization and their interactions. Leavitts model includes four key types of organizational variables: task variables, structure variables, technology variables, people/actor variables (Espejo Reyes, 2011). Each of these variable types, according to Leavitt, is interrelated with other variable types. Therefore, a change of one variable causes the relevant changes in other three variables.This model is efficient for analyzing internal dynamics and for planning internal changes within an organization. At the same time, the relatedness between all four types of variables is a simplification of the reality, and this is a significant limitation of the mod el. Furthermore, Leavitts model does not take into account the impact of the external environment.1.6. Weisbord’s six-box modelIn Weisbords model, six internal categories are considered as the factors driving organizational development. These categories include purposes, structure, relationships, helpful mechanisms, rewards, structure and leadership (Grieves, 2010). The leadership is viewed as the central factor determining organizational change, and the other five factors are represented as interrelated pairs in Weisbords six-box model. Furthermore, this model considers the impact of the environment on the inputs of the organizational system and on its outputs.Organizational inputs considered by Weisbord include finance, ideas, people and technology, while organizational outputs include products and services (Grieves, 2010). For each of the boxes represented in the internal part of the model, Weisbord lists a set of questions allowing to assess organizational efficiency. Thi s model is highly useful since it takes into account both internal and external environment and categorizes internal factors into distinct and reasonable groups. At the same time, Weisbord disregards the fact that each of the boxes can be interrelated with other boxes, and therefore the relationships between internal factors in this model is simplistic.1.7. Congruence modelCongruence model is also referred to as the Nadler-Tushman model. This model combines the benefits of Leavitts model in the sense that it considers internal variables; it is also similar to Weisbords model as it takes into account internal and external factors as well as formal and informal organizational components. The inputs considered in this model include resources, environment, history and organizational strategy; internal variables include formal and informal arrangements, individual factors and task factors (Falletta, 2005). According to congruence model, outputs are classified into individual, organizatio nal and group outputs (Falletta, 2005).Nadler and Tushman considered strategic fit (congruence) between variables as a measure of organizational effectiveness. There are six dimensions of congruence in the model based on the pairs of internal factors (Falletta, 2005). This model efficiently models organizational environment since it accounts for different types of factors and takes into account their interaction and the process of change. For some situations this model might have an excess number of factors and variables, so its strengths can turn into weaknesses in the cases when in-depth analysis of all organizational factors is not required.Current issues faced by Whole Foods MarketThere are two major issues which Whole Foods Market should address in order to retain its market position. First of all, Whole Foods Market is pursuing an aggressive growth strategy which is efficient in the short-term perspective and leads to quick revenue growth, but might hinder growth in the middle -term perspective. Whole Foods Market is cannibalizing its sales due to opening new stores and engaging in horizontal market expansion (Carter, 2014). This issue is further aggravated by the increasing competition from private labels, from local farmers and small shops where organic foods can be purchased.The second issue faced by Whole Foods Market is its premium brand image: while such image allows to achieve high profits, middle and low-income customers perceive Whole Foods Market as expensive and purchase organic foods from smaller competitors (Carter, 2014). Whole Foods Market should focus on offering natural and organic foods to middle and low-income categories of customers and at the same time avoid brand dilution.Choice of optimal modelBoth issues described in the previous section relate to the interaction of the company with the external environment and the need for change for Whole Foods Market which emerges due to the changes in the inputs and external environment. Theref ore, the chosen model should include both internal and external organizational variables and trace the relationships between them. Among the considered models, Weisbord’s six box model, Burke-Litwin model and Nadler-Tushman congruence model satisfy these requirements. However, Weisbord’s six box model simplifies the relationships between the internal factors, so it is not likely to be a viable choice.In the case of Whole Foods Market, the chosen organizational diagnostic model should provide the guidance for organizational change and should also help eliminate the inconsistencies between the existing strategy and market position of Whole Foods Market and the desired market position of the company. Out of Burke-Litwin model and Nadler-Tushman model, the latter is more in line with the requirements since it allows to consider different types of organizational inputs and organizational outputs, allows to evaluate the strategic fit between internal factors and includes org anizational strategy as an input. Since it is currently important for Whole Foods Market to adjust its strategy to match the changing environment and to achieve strategic fit with its previous decisions, Nadler-Tushman congruence model is the optimal choice.

Ethical Theories, Principles, and Concepts Assignment

Ethical Theories, Principles, and Concepts - Assignment Example Medical staff may desist from helping patients in the event of occurrence of a disaster for fear of prosecution (Fremgen, 2009). The law provides a standard measure for an individual’s action and punishes lawbreakers. Whatever is punishable by law is immoral and unethical. However, the law permits actions such as manipulation and lying, which is morally offensive. The law set to regulate medical care aims at maintaining high standards of morality, which may not consider the anticipated good. Medical law and regulations allow for autonomy, which at times may make one make uninformed decision on a particular treatment procedure that could in turn affect the life of the patient and at times leading to loss of life. Some medical practices are justified in medical procedure  but are unethical and unethical. Therefore, the laws and regulations are a challenge other than a solution to the problem (Garrett, Baillie, & Garrett, 2010). The practice of medicine requires a proper understanding of the ethical philosophies and principles. The principals that safeguard it include among others the respect for autonomy. Autonomy provides the patient with the right to take well-informed independent choice without influence, and medical practitioners should obey the patient’s decisions. The principle provides for non-maleficence where the Hippocratic Oath applies (Fremgen, 2009). The doctor can only treat the patient according to what he or she knows best and avoid injuring the patient. The principle advocates for doing good to the patient. In this principle, the doctor must administer treatment to the patient without causing pain to the patient. Finally, the rule of justice must prevail. The medical care should be fair, reasonable, equitable and without preference (Fremgen, 2009). Utilitarianism is a philosophical theory that explains ethical practice to be for the good of the many.